James, William 1842-1910 American psychologist and philosopher, founder of pragmatism and the psychological movement of functionalism, he developed an approach to intellectual issues that greatly influenced American thought. His works include The Will to Believe (1897) and The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902).

Jeanne d'Arc aka Joan of Arc
Saint. French name Jeanne d'Arc (zhän därk“) Known as "the Maid of Orléans" and "La Pucelle". 1412?-1431. French military leader and heroine. Inspired and directed by religious visions, she organized the French resistance that forced the English to end their siege of Orléans (1429). The same year she led an army of 12,000 to Rheims and had the dauphin (eldest son of the king of France from 1349 to 1830, used as a title for such a nobleman) crowned Charles VII. Captured and sold to the English by the Burgundians (1430), she was later tried for heresy and sorcery and was burned at the stake in Rouen. She was canonized in 1920.

Johnson, Samuel known as "Dr. Johnson". 1709-1784
British writer and lexicographer (writes, compiles dictionaries). The leading literary figure in the second half of the 18th century, he wrote Dictionary of the English Language (1755) and Lives of the Poets (1779-1781).

Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)
author of the.Declaration of Independence, a principal leader in the American Revolution and the third president of the United States, 1801-1809. Jefferson is also regarded as a great political thinker and diplomat. The U.S. doubled its area in 1803 when he bought territory west of the Mississippi called the Louisiana Purchase.

Jefferson swore his hostility; he said, to "every form of tyranny over the mind of man." During his lifetime he sought to develop a government that would best assure the freedom and wellbeing of the individual.

Jefferson said "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal.(it is the mark of the cultured man that he is aware of the fact that equality is an ethical and not a biological principle. …Ashley Montagu, British anthropologist, humanist (1905-1999), that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.".Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 99. © 1993-1998 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Jefferson apparently gained his inspiration from the Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 12, 1776) drafted by George Mason - Article I:.That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.

Benjamin Jowett, 1817-1893. British classical.scholar and clergyman known for his translations of Plato and Aristotle

jab, jabbed, jabbing, jabs.transitive verbs
to poke or thrust abruptly, especially with something sharp; to stab or pierce; to thrust into or against with a rough, abrupt movement; to punch with short blows
intransitive verb use.to make an abrupt poking or thrusting motion; to deliver a quick punch
jab.noun
a quick stab or blow; a short straight punch in boxing

jumble, jumbled, jumbling, jumbles.verbs
transitive verb use.to mix in a confused way; throw together carelessly (jumble socks in a heap in the closet); muddle; confuse (the rapid fire questioning jumbled the witness's thoughts)
intransitive verb use.to be mixed in a confused way (dividers that keep the files from jumbling)
jumble.noun
a confused or disordered mass.(a jumble of paper scraps in a drawer; a disordered state; a muddle

jurisprudence.noun
Law.-.the philosophy or science of law
jurisprudential.adjective
jurisprudentially.adverb

Carl Gustav Jung 1875-1961
Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Among his contributions to the understanding of the human mind are the concepts of extraversion and introversion and the notion of the collective unconscious. Jung's works include The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912) and Psychological Types (1921).

jiggery-pokery.noun
underhand scheming or behavior; trickery

juxtapose, juxtaposed, juxtaposing, juxtaposes.transitive verbs
to place side by side, especially for comparison or contrast

juxtaposition.noun
the act or an instance of juxtaposing or the state of being juxtaposed
juxtapositional.adjective